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- <text id=93TT0728>
- <title>
- Dec. 13, 1993: Catching A Rogue Gene
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Dec. 13, 1993 The Big Three:Chrysler, Ford, and GM
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 58
- Catching A Rogue Gene
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Two groups independently isolate the hereditary defect responsible
- for some forms of colon cancer
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman
- </p>
- <p> Anyone who doubts that the pace of the genetic revolution has
- accelerated mightily need only consider last week's news about
- colon cancer. It was just last May that a team of researchers
- led by Dr. Bert Vogelstein at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore
- announced conclusive evidence that a genetic defect causes a
- hereditary form of colon cancer, accounting for as many as 22,000
- cases in the U.S. every year. The next step was to pinpoint
- the malfunctioning gene, which lurked somewhere on chromosome
- 2. Back in the 1980s, that search might have taken three years
- or more. Instead, it took six months: last week two teams of
- biologists announced that the errant gene had been found and
- duplicated in the lab.
- </p>
- <p> The discovery does more than satisfy scientific curiosity. It
- means that researchers will now be able to save lives by developing
- a diagnostic test for the gene. Perhaps 1 million Americans
- carry it; if tested, they would be advised to have frequent
- colon exams. If tumors are discovered early enough, they can
- often be removed before the cancer spreads and becomes fatal.
- "This seems likely to be the first DNA test that will find its
- way into general clinical practice," predicts Dr. Francis Collins,
- who heads the Human Genome Project that is mapping all 23 pairs
- of human chromosomes.
- </p>
- <p> The genetic mutation described last week triggers cancer in
- an indirect way. "Every cell has a genetic blueprint--its
- dictionary of genetic instructions," explains Richard Kolodner,
- a biochemist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and
- one of the discoverers of the defective gene. This blueprint
- must be recopied each time the cell divides. "Some mistakes
- get made," Kolodner continues. "The [protein made by the normal
- gene] is like the spell-checker on a computer. It helps to
- scan for errors, detect them and fix them." When the spell-checking
- gene is damaged in some way, mistakes start piling up in other
- genes. Eventually some of the genes that keep cells from dividing
- uncontrollably are affected and cancer arises. It most often
- strikes the colon, but can also occur in the uterus, ovaries
- and other organs.
- </p>
- <p> The search for the colon-cancer gene seems likely to go down
- in history as one of the great races of modern genetics. It
- was not the odds-on favorite team, led by Vogelstein, that isolated
- the mutated gene first, but rather a less well-known pair of
- biochemists from New England--Boston's Kolodner and Richard
- Fishel at the University of Vermont.
- </p>
- <p> "When we read about the [evidence of a colon-cancer gene]
- in May, we realized that the genetic instability being describing
- was identical to one that we already knew about in yeast," Fishel
- says. So he and Kolodner and their colleagues decided to hunt
- for a human gene similar to the yeast version. In November they
- rushed their results to the research journal Cell, which decided
- to publish the paper on Dec. 3. "We heard from Dr. Vogelstein
- a couple of hours after our paper was accepted," Kolodner recalls.
- Vogelstein, realizing he was about to be outpaced, then pulled
- together the results of his group's ongoing research, which
- will be published in the journal on Dec. 17. Acting as race
- stewards, the editors of Cell decided to lift the embargo on
- the Vogelstein article so that both groups could share the spotlight
- last week.
- </p>
- <p> Now the competition has started to devise the screening test.
- It may be available within 12 months--not a moment too soon
- for people whose genetic makeup leaves them vulnerable to a
- killer disease.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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-